第四部分
特殊读音
1、音的连读:not at all half an hour I love you and all after all
2、失去爆破:good girl good student good job expression school extreme
3、音的同化:this year Would you do it? Can’t you see it?
重音
1、单词重音
1)双音节词
a)一般在第一个音节重读。 letter,sorry
b)有a-,be-de-,re-,res-,in-,im-,en-,em-,con-,com-,dis-,mis-,pre-,per-,pro-,trans-等前缀的词,第二个音节是重音。
a’bout,be’lieve,ad’dress,de’cide,re’port,con’demn,res’pect,com’pare,in’form,dis’cuss,
im’press,mis’take,en’force,pre’pare,em’ploy,per’mit,es’cape,pro’duce,ex’claim,trans’late
c)有de-,in-,re-,con-,pre-等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关,一般名词的重音在第一个音节上,有其它的词性在第二个音节上。
‘record,re’cord;’insult,in’sult;conduct,con’duct;’present pre’sent;’content,con’tent
d) 有些复事词和带有前缀 re-,ex-,pre-,post-,等的词,有两个重音。
‘out’side,’re’tell,’well-‘known,’un’real,’fif’teen,’Chi’nese,’pre-‘war,’post-‘war
2)多音节词
a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。’difficult,’communist,’family,e’conomy,oppor’tunity
de’mocracy.
b)有一些双音节词,加了前缀和后缀成了多音节,但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。
carefully, in’definite, ‘comfortable, con’ductor, ac’cording dis’turbance,
‘complicated, es’tablishment,
c)词尾有¬-eous,-grahpy,-ial,-ic,-ics,-ience,ient,-ify,-ion,-ious,-ity,ive后缀的词,重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。
cour’teous, cal’ligraphy, edi’torian, his’torian, peri’odic, mathe’matics,
ex’perience, suf’ficient, i’dentify, trans’lation, re’ligious, curi’osity,
pro’tective
d)词尾有-ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, - ette后缀的词,重音在该后缀上,而且有一个次重音。enter’tain, emplo’yee, mountai’neer, Jap’nese, ciga’rette
2、句子重音
1) 英语的节奏:(轻)-轻-重-轻-(轻)或重-轻-(轻)(轻)重
2) 英语句子的长短:是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的,而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。
3)实词重读(副词重读),虚词轻读(冠词,单音节介词,单音节连词,人称代词,反代词,物主代词,关系代词,相互代词,助动词,情态动词和系动词be.
4) 词不重读的特殊情况
a)实词第二次出现
He thinks of that as a child thinks.
b)一个名词被第二个名词修饰
I met her in the railway station.
c)代替词
Which book do you want? The small one.
d)感叹词中的what和how
What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!
e)street在专有名词中
Wangfujing Street.
f)this在这些短语中,this morning/afternoon/evening
5)虚词重读的特殊情况
a)情态动词,助动词和系动词be在句首,句尾和否定时。
Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can.
I don’t like you. He isn’t a worker.
b)情态动词表示可能,惊奇和肯定时。
They may come this evening .Can it be five already? He must be in the room.
c)介词在句首和句尾。
In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with.
d)引导复合句的连词在句首。
If you wish, I’ll visit you. When he comes, I’ll tell him.
e)反身代词表示强调。
He couldn’t come himself.
句子的读法
一、句子重读
句子中重读的词有名词,动词,形容词,副词,数词,疑问词和感叹词,其重读音节必须长而响亮。这称为句子重音;而冠词,介词,功能词,连词,助动词,情态动词,代词等在句子中、一般不重读。
例:1,Two newly-married couples walked quietly along the river.
2,He spoke into the telephone, wrote down a name and hung up the receiver.
二、音的变化
1, 音的同化:指一个音因为受了另外一个邻音的影响而发成了这两个音之外的第三个音。
例:1. Did you see him?
[‘did ju ‘si: him?]
[‘di ‘si: him?]
2. I’m glad to meet you.
[’’mi:t ju]
[’’mi: tu]
2 ,不完全爆破“爆破音和爆破音或其他辅音相邻,第一个爆破音只形成阻碍,但不发生爆破,这种情况称作不完全爆破。
不完全爆破的主要规则:
1) 两个爆破音相邻:前面一个发不完全的爆破音,后面一个是完全的爆破音;若后面一个爆破音在词尾,则必须轻化。辅音在尾要弱读。
September []
robbed []
take care [‘teik ‘]
Ted has a bad cold today.
[‘ted   ‘].
2)爆破音[t][d]后面紧跟鼻辅音[m][n],[t]和[d]形成阻碍,在词尾必须通过鼻腔爆破。
admit []
garden []
good morning [gud ]
3)爆破音[t][d]后面紧跟舌侧音[I]时,[t][d]形成阻碍,在词尾必须由舌两侧爆破.
badly []
little []
at last [ ‘]
4)爆破音和摩擦音相邻,第一个爆破音形成阻碍,但不完全爆破。
advance []
success []
old friends [ frendz]
5)爆破音和摩擦音相邻,第一个爆破音形成阻碍,但失去爆破。
picture []
object []
great change [']
练习:指出下列单词或词组中不完全爆破的情况,并朗读。
a good view admire
goodbye kept
friendship needle
lecture a great deal
button at noon
3.连续:
1)在连贯的说话或者朗读时候、,短语或句子中相邻的词如果前一个词的末尾是辅音,后一个词的词首是元音时,就要连起来读。
Take a look at it.
[]
I’ll be back in half an hour.
[alibi ‘bk in ‘ha:f ]
2)末尾有字母r的次,在短语或句子中和以元音开始的词相邻时,r要读出音来,并和后面的元音连读。
There is a pair of shoes.
['']
3)上述的连读是发生在句子的同一个意群中的,在意群(即短语或从句)之间有停顿时,两个短语或两个从句间相邻的音不连续。
Shall we meet at night tonight or ten o’clock tomorrow?
[ wi: ‘mi:t ''?]
We had a break, and each of us had a cup of tea.
[wi: '''']
4)音的同化
三、语调
英语的语调就是说话时调门的上升或下降。语调影响到说话人所表达的意思。
1, 降调的用法:下面各种类型的句子用降调。
1) 陈述句:
Thank you.
You are right.
Sorry I am late.
2) 特殊疑问句:
What’s the matter with you?
How old are you?
Why didn’t you tell me the truth?
3) 祈使句
Come in!
Please close the door.
Hurry up or we’ll miss the train.
4) 感叹句
What a hot day!
Isn’t it lovely!
How can I ever thank you enough!
2, 升调的用法:
1) 一般疑问句:
Did you have a good time last night?
Are you a teacher?
Is he a new student?
2) 祈使句:
常常在语气很委婉很客气的情况中用升调。
Excuse me one moment.
Won’t you take a seat?
Open the door please.
3, 升调在前,降调在后类型的句子:
1) 选择疑问句:
Do you prefer tea or coffee?
Are you a teacher or student?
Is your new bike green or red?
2) 以状语或状语从句开始的句子
At seven in the morning we go to school.
If we work harder, we can do it better.
3) 计数或有点东西
One, two ,three and four.
A chair, a table, a bed and a desk
4, 降调在前,升调在后的句子
1) 反意疑问句:
表示说话人有些疑惑,要肯定一下自己的看法。
He works at a band, doesn’t he?
She is a doctor, isn’t she?
2) 前面是陈述句,后面有一表示不肯定或疑虑的附加语
It’s going to rain, I’m afraid.
3) 在称呼人是用升调。
Tell me the truth, Tom.
Good morning, Jane.
5, 前面是降调后面也是降调的句子。
反意疑问句:有一些反意疑问句的成分很少,因为答语无疑已经知道,这类反意疑问句用两个降调。肯定用升调,否定用降调
It’s a fine day, isn’t it?
She is talking like her mother ,isn’t she?
6, 客套话,较熟悉、人,朋友间,漫不经心时用升调。官方语用降调
7, 道歉用升调。
Sorry ,I’m very sorry
Excuse me. |